Maharashtra’s Development Roadmap: Charting a Path Towards a $1 Trillion Economy

1. Executive Summary

Maharashtra, India’s economic powerhouse, stands at a pivotal moment, driven by an ambitious vision to achieve a $1 trillion Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) while navigating the complexities of sustainable and inclusive development. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of Maharashtra’s development strategy, roadmap, key focus areas, major initiatives, and the inherent challenges and opportunities shaping its future.

The state’s strategic framework, initially articulated in “Vision for Maharashtra 2030,” emphasizes balanced, sustainable, and inclusive socio-economic growth, explicitly aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This vision rests on five pillars – Agriculture & Allied Activities, Industry, Infrastructure, Social Sector, and Governance – with environmental sustainability as a foundational principle. More recently, the aspiration to become India’s first trillion-dollar sub-national economy has gained prominence, driving large-scale initiatives and policy reforms, particularly in infrastructure and industrial promotion.

Key economic strategies focus on leveraging Maharashtra’s existing strengths in manufacturing, IT & ITES, financial services, and its burgeoning startup ecosystem. New industrial policies aim to attract unprecedented levels of investment (targeting ₹40 lakh crore) and create millions of jobs, supported by initiatives like ‘Make in Maharashtra’ and efforts to enhance the Ease of Doing Business. Infrastructure development is a cornerstone of this strategy, with mega-projects underway across transportation (expressways like Samruddhi Mahamarg, sea links like MTHL, metro rail networks in multiple cities, and the Navi Mumbai International Airport), energy (significant expansion in renewables and grid modernization), and industrial zones (DMIC nodes).

Social development remains a critical focus, with significant investments in education (NEP 2020 implementation, CM Shri Schools), healthcare (universal healthcare expansion via MJPJAY/PM-JAY, infrastructure upgrades with ADB support, digital health initiatives), skill development (MSSDS programs like PMKUVA), and large-scale welfare schemes targeting farmers (Namo Shetkari Mahasanman Nidhi) and women (Mukhya Mantri Majhi Ladaki Bahin Yojana). Sustainability is interwoven through climate action plans (state and city levels), water conservation efforts (Jalyukt Shivar revival), comprehensive waste management strategies, and a push towards green mobility via the state’s EV policy.

Despite this ambitious agenda, Maharashtra faces significant challenges. Persistent regional imbalances, deep-rooted agrarian distress, severe urban congestion and liveability issues, critical water scarcity, and the immense task of implementing numerous mega-projects simultaneously test the state’s execution capacity. Fiscal pressures arising from large welfare commitments competing with capital expenditure needs, ensuring quality alongside quantity in social sector expansion, bridging the skill-to-employment gap, and effectively mainstreaming environmental sustainability goals are other major hurdles.

However, Maharashtra possesses substantial opportunities, including its economic scale, robust industrial base, strong FDI inflows, dynamic startup culture, demographic potential, and the transformative potential of its infrastructure projects. Successfully navigating the challenges, particularly by enhancing governance effectiveness, ensuring fiscal prudence, prioritizing inclusive development, and strengthening implementation capacity, will be crucial. Maharashtra’s path forward requires not only ambition but also adaptive governance and a steadfast commitment to balancing rapid economic growth with social equity and environmental stewardship to truly realize its vision for a prosperous and sustainable future for all its citizens.

2. Maharashtra’s Development Vision and Strategic Framework

Maharashtra’s approach to development is guided by a comprehensive vision that has evolved over time, increasingly emphasizing accelerated economic growth while retaining foundational commitments to sustainability and inclusivity. This strategic framework is anchored in official documents, policy initiatives, and institutional structures designed to steer the state towards its ambitious goals.

2.1 Vision 2030 & Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Alignment

The initial formal articulation of the state’s long-term development strategy emerged around 2017-2018 with the “Vision for Maharashtra 2030” document.¹ Developed by the Planning Department, this vision’s core principle was defined as “balanced, sustainable, and inclusive socio-economic growth”.³ A distinctive feature of this vision was its explicit and foundational alignment with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).² The state mapped its development objectives directly onto the SDG framework, demonstrating a commitment to global sustainability benchmarks.⁴

Key components of Vision 2030 directly mirrored specific SDGs ⁴:

• Eradication of extreme poverty (SDG 1)
• Ensuring sufficient and nutritious food (SDG 2)
• Accessible and affordable healthcare (SDG 3)
• Quality education (SDG 4)
• Eliminating gender, income, and rural-urban inequalities (SDG 5 & 10)
• Affordable shelter, sanitation, and safe drinking water (SDG 6 & 11)
• Sustainable energy access (SDG 7)
• Sustainable economic growth and decent work, including focus on agriculture and tourism (SDG 8)
• Boosting manufacturing (‘Make in Maharashtra’) and quality infrastructure (SDG 9)
• Climate action (‘Harita Maharashtra’) and environmental sustainability (SDG 13 & 15)
• Strengthening law & order and governance (SDG 16 & 17)

This alignment was further solidified by the state signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with UN India specifically for SDG implementation.⁴ The vision aimed not just at economic progress but fundamentally at improving the quality of life, aspiring for all citizens to be “happy, healthy, educated, empowered, leading to a peaceful and prosperous life”.³

2.2 The Five Pillars and Environmental Cornerstone

Vision 2030 structured its strategy around five key pillars: Agriculture & Allied Activities, Industry, Infrastructure, Social Sector, and Governance.² This multi-sectoral approach aimed for holistic development. Crucially, the environment was designated as the “cornerstone” or “bedrock” of this five-pillar strategy.³ The vision document explicitly stated that “a sustainable environment enables a sustained growth across all sectors” and that “investment in environment helps in self-sustaining growth over long term”.⁴ This prioritization underscored a commitment to ensuring that development efforts were environmentally conscious and sustainable.⁴

2.3 The $1 Trillion Economy Ambition

In more recent years, a highly ambitious economic target has become central to Maharashtra’s development narrative: the goal of becoming India’s first state economy to reach a size of $1 trillion.⁵ This target, aiming for achievement by 2028 according to the state’s Economic Advisory Council (EAC) report ⁷, represents a significant acceleration of economic growth aspirations. This ambition is now a key driver for major policy initiatives and infrastructure planning.⁵

Programs like the Maharashtra Strengthening Institutional Capabilities in Districts for Enabling Growth (MahaSTRIDE), supported by the World Bank, are explicitly designed to support the implementation of this One-Trillion Dollar (OTD) vision.⁶ MahaSTRIDE aims to address critical challenges at the district level, specifically targeting capability gaps that constrain planning, coordination, and the delivery of government services necessary for driving growth and mobilizing private capital.⁶ The creation of the Maharashtra Institution for Transformation (MITRA) serves as a dedicated entity to facilitate this transformation agenda.⁶

The emergence and strong emphasis on the $1 trillion target, particularly its aggressive timeline (2028), compared to the more broadly focused, SDG-aligned Vision 2030 formulated earlier, suggests a potential evolution in the state’s strategic priorities. While not inherently contradictory, the sheer pace of growth required to meet the $1 trillion goal might create practical tensions with the principles of balanced, inclusive, and environmentally sustainable development that were central to the original Vision 2030 and the SDG framework. The explicit focus of programs like MahaSTRIDE on enabling growth and private capital mobilization reinforces the interpretation that accelerated economic expansion is now a primary driver.⁶ Successfully managing the potential trade-offs between the speed of economic growth and the breadth of inclusive, sustainable development will be a critical aspect of Maharashtra’s future trajectory.

2.4 Human Development Focus

Despite the strong economic push, the framework retains a focus on human development outcomes. Vision 2030 explicitly aimed to improve the state’s Human Development Index (HDI) ³, with specific targets mentioned in related presentations (e.g., achieving an HDI of 0.9 by 2030).⁴ The overarching goal remains linked to ensuring citizens are “happy, healthy, educated, empowered” ³, connecting economic progress to tangible improvements in quality of life. Social sector investments in health, education, and skill development (detailed in Section 5) are crucial components of this aspect of the vision.

2.5 Governance and Implementation Machinery

The Planning Department of the Government of Maharashtra serves as a key entity in formulating and overseeing development plans.¹ The Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES) plays a vital role as the state’s principal statistical organization and nodal agency for statistical activities, responsible for preparing crucial documents like the annual Economic Survey of Maharashtra and monitoring various socio-economic indicators.¹³

Recognizing the challenges in execution, the state has established new institutional mechanisms. The formation of MITRA ⁶ and the launch of the MahaSTRIDE program ⁶ directly address the need to bolster implementation capacity at the district level. These initiatives target identified weaknesses in planning, inter-departmental convergence, coordination, data availability, and service delivery – all essential for translating ambitious state-level visions into ground-level reality. This focus implicitly acknowledges that past implementation efforts may have faced bottlenecks and that strengthening administrative capabilities, particularly at the district level where much of the execution occurs, is fundamental to achieving the state’s demanding development objectives, including the $1 trillion economy goal.

3. Economic Landscape and Growth Strategy

Maharashtra’s economic strategy is built upon its position as India’s leading state economy, aiming to consolidate this leadership and achieve unprecedented growth targets through a multi-pronged approach involving industrial promotion, infrastructure development, investment attraction, and fostering innovation.

3.1 Economic Performance Overview

Maharashtra consistently ranks as India’s largest state economy by GSDP.⁵ It contributes significantly to the national GDP, with estimates ranging from 13.5% to 15%.⁵ Key economic indicators paint a picture of substantial scale and dynamism:

• GSDP: The state’s nominal GSDP was estimated at ₹40.56 lakh crore (approximately $550 billion) in FY 2023-24 ²¹, placing it ahead of the economies of several countries.²¹ The GSDP for FY 2025-26 is projected at ₹49,39,355 crore.²³
• Growth Rate: Real GSDP growth was estimated at 8.0% in FY 2023-24 ²² (or 7.6% by other sources ²¹). Growth for FY 2024-25 is projected at 7.3%.²¹
• Per Capita Income: Maharashtra’s per capita income was estimated at ₹2,78,681 in FY 2023-24 ²¹, nearly 47% above the national average ²¹, indicating higher levels of prosperity and consumption potential. The state aims to push this beyond ₹5 lakhs as part of its $1 trillion economy ambition.⁷
• Sectoral Structure: The economy is dominated by the Services sector, contributing around 64% (or 58-63.8% depending on source/year) to the Gross State Value Added (GSVA) in FY24.²¹ The Industry sector contributes roughly 23-27% ²¹, and the Agriculture & Allied sector accounts for the remaining 11-15%.²¹

3.2 Industrial Policy Framework

Maharashtra has a history of proactive industrial policies aimed at maintaining its leadership position.

• The Industrial Policy 2013 set targets including a 12-13% manufacturing growth rate, achieving a 28% share of manufacturing in state GDP, creating 2 million jobs, and attracting ₹5 Lakh Crore investment.²⁴
• The New Industrial Policy 2019-2024 continued this focus, aiming to retain investment leadership, accelerate investment flow to underdeveloped regions, create employment, and promote Ease of Doing Business (EoDB), MSME development, and sustainable industrial growth.²⁴ Its targets included 12-13% manufacturing growth, 25% GSDP share by FY24, ₹10 Lakh Crore investment, and 40 Lakh jobs by FY24.²⁵
• An upcoming New Industrial Policy, set to be announced in 2025, dramatically escalates these ambitions. It targets attracting investments worth ₹40 lakh crore and creating 50 lakh jobs.²³ This policy will also feature dedicated strategies for emerging sectors like space, defence, and electronics ²³, aligning with the state’s $1 trillion economy goal.
• The ‘Make in Maharashtra’ initiative serves as a key campaign slogan underpinning these policies, aiming to boost manufacturing and service sector output.⁴

The significant leap in targets between the 2013/2019 policies and the planned 2025 policy—an eightfold increase in investment targets and a 2.5-fold rise in job creation goals compared to the 2013 baseline—signals the immense scale of ambition driving Maharashtra’s economic strategy towards the $1 trillion mark. However, realizing such exponential growth necessitates overcoming substantial hurdles. The state must address structural weaknesses, such as relatively low R&D spending intensity ²⁶, ensure the availability of appropriately skilled manpower through its skilling initiatives (Section 5), guarantee that infrastructure development keeps pace with industrial demand (Section 4), and navigate potential fiscal constraints highlighted by recent budget trends, like the proposed reduction in capital outlay for FY 2025-26.²³ The feasibility of these targets is therefore contingent not merely on policy declarations but on the effective implementation of strategies that address these fundamental enabling factors, as outlined in the state’s own Economic Advisory Council report.⁷

3.3 Focus Sectors & Policies

Maharashtra’s strategy involves targeted promotion of key sectors through specific policies:

• IT & ITES: The IT/ITES Policy 2023 envisions making Maharashtra a global IT destination and India’s technology capital.²⁴ Its mission includes attracting investment and innovation, strengthening leadership, accelerating balanced regional development, promoting IP creation, and building a skilled talent pool.²⁴ Specific targets include attracting ₹95,000 Crore investment, creating 3.5 million jobs, increasing skill development by 15% annually, and achieving ₹10,00,000 Crore in exports.²⁴ Maharashtra currently ranks as the second-highest software exporter in India.²¹
• Biotechnology: The Biotechnology Policy aims to leverage biotech for advancements in agriculture (better crops), health (affordable drugs/devices), environment (water purification, waste treatment), livestock and marine productivity, and traditional medicine.²⁴
• Manufacturing: This remains a core focus, reinforced by industrial policy targets and strengths in sectors like Automobiles, Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Textiles, and Machinery & Equipment.²¹ Connectivity to industrial corridors like DMIC (Section 4) is crucial.
• Other Key Sectors: Policies and investment promotion also target Financial Services, Logistics, Renewable Energy (key FDI drivers ²¹), Tourism (with an emphasis on eco-tourism ⁴), and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), with specific policy focus and incentives.²⁴

3.4 Investment Promotion & Ease of Doing Business (EoDB)

Attracting investment is central to the state’s strategy.

• FDI Leadership: Maharashtra is India’s top FDI destination, attracting 31% of the country’s total inflows between October 2019 and September 2024.²¹ This is driven by investor-friendly policies, a skilled workforce, and robust infrastructure.²¹
• Facilitation: MAITRI (Maharashtra Industry, Trade And Investment Facilitation Cell) acts as a single point of contact for investors.²⁴ EoDB initiatives are ongoing ⁵, with proposals like dedicated ‘Udyog Seva Kendras’ to streamline licenses and approvals.⁷
• Outreach: Recent investment drives across 34 districts resulted in 2,652 MoUs, proposing ₹96,680 crore investment and 2.3 lakh jobs, indicating efforts to disperse investment beyond major hubs.²¹
• SEZs: The state utilizes Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to generate economic activity, promote exports, attract domestic and foreign investment, create employment, and develop infrastructure.²⁴

3.5 Startup Ecosystem

Maharashtra has established itself as India’s leading startup hub.

• Scale: The state hosts over 26,686 DPIIT-recognized startups (as of FY25), accounting for nearly 24% of India’s total.²¹ It also leads in the number of Unicorns (startups valued over $1 billion) with 27.²¹
• Reach: Startups are present in every district, suggesting a democratization of entrepreneurship.²¹
• Policy Support: The Maharashtra State Innovative Startup Policy aims to attract ₹5,000 crore in angel/seed investment, develop 15 incubators, facilitate 10,000 startups, and create 500,000 jobs.²⁵ Incentives include self-certification facilitation, stamp duty compensation, and rebates for patent and quality testing costs.²⁵

While Maharashtra’s dominance in startup numbers and unicorns is clear ²¹, and policies provide significant support ²⁵, the relatively low national investment in R&D as a percentage of GDP ²⁶ raises questions about the nature of innovation. The thriving ecosystem might currently be more focused on business model innovation, service platforms, or applying existing technologies rather than deep-tech research and development. This could present a long-term challenge for maintaining global competitiveness in targeted high-tech sectors like Biotechnology ²⁴ and advanced manufacturing, and achieving policy goals like promoting intellectual property creation, as stated in the IT/ITES policy.²⁴ Sustaining leadership may require fostering a stronger R&D culture alongside entrepreneurial activity.

3.6 Budgetary Support and Monitoring

The state budget reflects these economic priorities through allocations. The Budget Analysis for 2025-26, for example, includes significant allocations for Energy (including power subsidies for agriculture/industry), Urban Development, and Roads & Bridges, which support economic activity.²³ The annual Economic Survey of Maharashtra, prepared by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES), provides crucial data and analysis to track progress against targets and understand economic trends.²¹

Despite policy intentions to promote balanced regional growth, such as the Industrial Policy’s aim to boost investment in underdeveloped regions ²⁴ and Vision 2030’s emphasis on balance ³, the state’s economic dynamism remains geographically concentrated. Key drivers like FDI, the startup ecosystem, and high-value sectors like IT and Finance are predominantly located in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) and Pune.²¹ The IT policy explicitly targets proliferation beyond these hubs, acknowledging this concentration.²⁴ While initiatives like district-level investment drives ²¹ are steps towards broader growth, achieving genuine balanced regional development and ensuring the inclusivity of the $1 trillion vision requires sustained, targeted efforts to channel investment, infrastructure, and opportunities into lagging regions, overcoming the strong pull of established economic centers.

Table 3.1: Key Economic Indicators and Targets for Maharashtra

Indicator	Value / Target	Source / Period
GSDP (Nominal)	~₹40.56 lakh crore	FY 2023-24 (Est.) 21
	₹49.39 lakh crore (Projected)	FY 2025-26 (Proj.) 23
GSDP (Real Growth)	8.0% / 7.6%	FY 2023-24 (Est.) 21
	7.3% (Projected)	FY 2024-25 (Proj.) 21
Per Capita Income	₹2,78,681	FY 2023-24 (Est.) 21
	₹3,09,340 (Projected)	FY 2024-25 (Proj.) 22
	Target: ₹5+ lakhs	Linked to $1T Goal 7
Sectoral Contribution (%)	Services: ~58-64%, Industry: ~23-27%, Agriculture: ~11-15%	FY 2023-24 (Est.) 21
FDI Inflows Share	31% of India’s Total	Oct 2019 – Sep 2024 21
Startup Ecosystem	26,686+ Recognized Startups (24% India Share), 27 Unicorns	As of FY25 21
Industrial Policy (2025)	Target: ₹40 lakh crore Investment, 50 lakh Jobs	Planned 23
IT/ITES Policy (2023)	Targets: ₹95k Cr Investment, 3.5M Jobs, ₹10L Cr Exports	Policy Period 24
Startup Policy	Targets: ₹5k Cr Investment, 15 Incubators, 10k Startups, 5L Jobs	Policy Period 25

4. Infrastructure Development: Powering Maharashtra’s Ambitions

Massive infrastructure development is fundamental to Maharashtra’s strategy for achieving its $1 trillion economy goal and improving the quality of life for its citizens. The state is undertaking numerous large-scale projects across transportation, energy, industrial, and urban sectors, aiming to enhance connectivity, boost efficiency, and support broad-based growth.

4.1 Transportation Network Overhaul

Modernizing and expanding the transportation network is a top priority, involving significant investments in roads, sea links, metro rail, airports, and ports.

4.1.1 Roads & Expressways:

Several flagship expressway projects are transforming inter-city and intra-city connectivity:

• Mumbai-Nagpur Samruddhi Mahamarg (Hindu Hrudaysamrat Balasaheb Thackeray Maharashtra Samruddhi Mahamarg): This 701 km, 6-lane (expandable to 8) access-controlled expressway is a major artery connecting the state’s political and financial capitals. As of early 2025, 625 km from Nagpur to Igatpuri is operational. The final 76 km stretch between Igatpuri and Amane (connecting to Bhiwandi) is nearing completion, with an expected opening in March or May 2025.³³ The state plans to waive tolls for Electric Vehicles (EVs) on this expressway.³⁹
• Mumbai Coastal Road (Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj Coastal Road): This project aims to connect Marine Lines in South Mumbai to Kandivali in the north. Phase 1 (10.58 km, Marine Lines to Worli) is partially operational, with the southbound carriageway opened in March 2024 and northbound sections opening progressively through 2024 and early 2025.³⁴ This phase includes India’s first undersea twin tunnels.³⁴ Phase 2 (Bandra-Worli Sea Link to Kandivali) is under construction. Due to various delays, the overall project completion, including interchanges and associated amenities like car parks and open spaces, may extend to 2026.⁴⁰
• Delhi-Mumbai Expressway: This national mega-project passes through Maharashtra, enhancing connectivity towards North India. Sections are partially opened.³⁴
• Mumbai-Pune Expressway Missing Link: This 13.3 km project bypasses the congested Lonavala ghat section, featuring significant tunnels and cable-stayed bridges. It aims to reduce the expressway distance by 6.5 km and cut travel time to approximately two hours. Completion is now expected by August 2025.³³
• Other Key Road Projects: The Santacruz-Chembur Link Road (SCLR) Extension (4.2 km) was expected by January 2025.³³ Other significant projects under review or construction include the Goregaon-Mulund Link Road, Thane Coastal Road ³⁴, Borivali to Thane Twin Tunnel Project ⁴⁴, Dahisar to Bhayander Link Road ⁴⁴, and the planned Pune-Bengaluru Expressway.³⁴ Rural connectivity is being addressed through schemes like the Mukhya Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, targeting connectivity for 3,582 villages.²³

4.1.2 Sea Links & Bridges:

Leveraging its coastline, Maharashtra is investing heavily in sea links, particularly around Mumbai:

• Mumbai Trans Harbour Sea Link (MTHL / Atal Setu): This 21.8 km, 6-lane bridge connecting Sewri in Mumbai to Chirle in Navi Mumbai is India’s longest sea bridge. Completed at a cost of ₹17,843 crore, it was inaugurated on January 12, 2024.³⁴ It provides crucial connectivity to the upcoming Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA), JNPT Port, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, and Mumbai-Goa Highway.⁴⁸
• Other Sea Links: Several other sea links and coastal road projects are under construction or planned around Mumbai, including the Western Coastal Road (Versova-Bandra), Versova-Virar Sea Link, Versova-Dahisar Coastal Road, Airoli-Katai Naka Freeway ³⁴, and the Sewri-Worli Elevated Corridor.³⁴ The Uttan-Virar Sea Link ⁴⁴ and Nariman Point-Cuffe Parade Sea Link ³⁴ are also proposed. The Vasai Creek Bridge has been completed.³⁴

4.1.3 Metro Rail:

Rapid transit systems are being expanded in major urban centers:

• Mumbai Metro: An extensive network expansion is underway. Key lines nearing completion or partial operation include Line 3 (Aqua Line – Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ), the city’s first fully underground corridor, with the Aarey-BKC section opened in October 2024 and full operations expected by mid-2025.⁴⁹ Other lines under active construction and reviewed by the state government include Line 2B (DN Nagar-Mandale), Line 4 (Green Line – Wadala-Kasarvadavali, delayed to Dec 2025), Line 5 (Orange Line – Thane-Bhiwandi-Kalyan, expected 2025), Line 6 (Pink Line – Lokhandwala-Vikhroli, expected late 2025), Line 7A (Airport Connector), and Line 9 (Dahisar East-Mira Bhayander).⁴⁴
• Pune Metro: Phase 1 comprises three lines. As of November 2024, approximately 33 km of Line 1 (Purple Line: PCMC-Swargate) and Line 2 (Aqua Line: Vanaz-Ramwadi) are operational.⁵⁰ The final underground section of Line 1 (District Court-Swargate) opened in September 2024.⁵¹ An extension of Line 1 (Phase 1A: PCMC-Nigdi) is under construction, expected by mid-2027.⁵¹ Line 3 (Hinjewadi-Civil Court), being implemented via Public-Private Partnership (PPP), is under construction but facing delays, with completion potentially pushed beyond the initial March 2025 target to April 2025 or later for sections.⁵¹ Phase 2, involving new corridors and extensions, is in the planning stage.⁵⁰
• Nagpur Metro: Phase 1 (38.2 km, Orange and Aqua lines) became fully operational in December 2022.⁵⁴ Phase 2, involving four extensions totaling 43.8 km to connect satellite towns (Kanhan, Butibori MIDC, Kapsi, Hingna), received state approval and its foundation stone was laid in December 2022.⁵⁵ Funding has been secured from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and potentially the European Investment Bank (EIB).⁵⁵ Tenders for consultancy and civil works have been awarded (e.g., Kalpataru Projects for viaducts ⁵⁷), and procurement for rolling stock and systems is underway.⁵⁵ The official completion target is 2026, though estimates suggest 2028 might be more realistic.⁵⁵

4.1.4 Airports:

• Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA): This critical greenfield project aims to decongest the existing Mumbai airport. Phase 1, designed to handle 20 million passengers per annum (MPPA), is advancing rapidly. Airside construction is complete ⁵⁸, flight calibration and initial landings have occurred ⁵⁹, and regulatory approvals are in progress.⁶⁰ The inauguration is anticipated in June 2025.⁵⁹ Subsequent phases aim to increase capacity to 90 MPPA.⁶⁰

4.1.5 Ports:

• Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT): Remains India’s largest container port, handling a significant share of the country’s cargo.²¹
• Vadhavan Port: This proposed major port project near Dahanu is considered vital for maritime transport and employment generation. The state government is actively working to resolve land acquisition and forest clearance issues to fast-track its implementation.⁴⁴ It is expected to be operational by 2030.⁶²
• Dighi Port Industrial Area: Identified as a key node under the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC), leveraging port connectivity for industrial development.⁶³

4.2 Energy Sector Infrastructure

Meeting the energy demands of a growing economy while transitioning towards sustainability is a key focus.

• Power Sector Vision 2030: This framework guides the sector towards providing safe, cost-effective, and reliable power, enhancing customer service, digitalization, and leveraging clean technologies.⁵
• Capacity Expansion: Current installed capacity stood at 38,601 MW as of March 2024.²² The $1 trillion economy goal necessitates doubling this capacity.⁷
• Renewable Energy Push: A major thrust is on increasing the share of renewable energy (RE) to over 45% of installed capacity ⁷, implying a fourfold growth in solar power. Vision 2030 had earlier targeted 10,000 MW of RE capacity by 2030.⁴ Several solar parks are sanctioned or under development, including Dondaicha (250 MW), Patoda (250 MW), Erai Floating (105 MW), Sai Guru (500 MW) ⁶⁶, Cleantech Solar’s 150 MWp park in Jalkot ⁶⁷, and Hazoor Multi Projects’ planned 1.2 GW park in Solapur.⁶⁹ The state also has a Green Hydrogen Policy targeting 500 kilo tons per annum production by 2030.²⁵
• Grid Modernization: Improving grid infrastructure is essential, particularly to support the planned EV adoption and integrate intermittent renewable energy sources.⁷

4.3 Industrial Infrastructure

Creating dedicated industrial zones with high-quality infrastructure is vital for attracting investment.

• Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC): Maharashtra hosts key nodes of this national project. The Shendra-Bidkin Industrial Area (SBIA) near Aurangabad (Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar) is a major focus, with trunk infrastructure nearing completion and land allotment underway.⁶³ The Prime Minister dedicated the Shendra phase in 2019.⁶³ The Dighi Port Industrial Area has been approved as another node, leveraging port access.⁶⁴ DMIC aims to establish global manufacturing hubs along the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor.⁶³
• Other Industrial Areas: The Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) plays a key role in land allocation for industries.²⁴ The state’s economic roadmap estimates a need for approximately 1 lakh acres of land for industrial growth and another 1 lakh acres for renewable energy projects.⁷

4.4 Urban Infrastructure

Urban infrastructure development is crucial given Maharashtra’s high urbanization rate. This includes the extensive metro rail projects mentioned above, Smart City initiatives (often linked with DMIC nodes ⁷¹), improvements in water supply systems (e.g., addressing issues in the Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar project ⁴⁴), and waste management infrastructure upgrades (covered in Section 6). State budgets allocate funds for urban development, including assistance to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).²³

The sheer scale and complexity of executing these numerous mega-projects concurrently across Maharashtra exert considerable pressure on the state’s implementation machinery. Challenges related to project management, timely land acquisition ⁴⁴, securing regulatory clearances ⁴⁴, and ensuring effective coordination among multiple agencies ⁴⁴ are significant. This inherent strain increases the risk of project delays, as already observed in several key initiatives like the Coastal Road ⁴³, the Mumbai-Pune Missing Link ³³, and various metro lines.⁴⁹ Such delays not only postpone the realization of anticipated benefits but can also lead to cost escalations, potentially impacting the state’s fiscal position.

Furthermore, despite policy pronouncements aiming for balanced regional development ²⁴, the current infrastructure pipeline appears heavily concentrated in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) and along the Mumbai-Pune-Nagpur axis. Mega-investments in projects like the MTHL, NMIA, Coastal Road, multiple other sea links, and the extensive Mumbai Metro network dominate the landscape.³³ While projects like the Samruddhi Mahamarg ³⁵ and DMIC nodes ⁶³ are intended to benefit other regions like Vidarbha and Marathwada, the scale difference in investment focus is stark. This concentration risks exacerbating the existing regional economic disparities noted in Vision 2030 ³, unless counterbalanced by more substantial and targeted infrastructure investments within lagging regions, going beyond merely connecting them to the primary economic hubs.

The success of Maharashtra’s infrastructure push also hinges on the interdependencies between projects. The utility of NMIA, for instance, is directly linked to the timely completion of its access infrastructure, including the MTHL, the Mumbai-Pune Expressway Missing Link, and potentially the Sewri-Worli connector.³³ Similarly, DMIC nodes require seamless integration with the Dedicated Freight Corridor and efficient last-mile connectivity.⁷⁰ Delays in one critical component can create ripple effects, diminishing the effectiveness and economic returns of associated projects, particularly in their initial operational phases. This underscores the critical need for highly synchronized planning and execution across the entire infrastructure portfolio.

Table 4.1: Status Summary of Major Infrastructure Projects in Maharashtra

Project Name	Sector	Scope / Key Features	Est. Cost (₹ Cr)	Status	Target / Actual Completion	Sources
Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL / Atal Setu)	Sea Link	21.8 km, 6-lane, Sewri-Chirle	17,843	Completed	Inaugurated Jan 12, 2024	34
Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA)	Airport	Phase 1: 20 MPPA capacity, Greenfield	–	Under Construction	Expected Inauguration June 2025	33
Mumbai Coastal Road (Ph 1: Marine Lines-Worli)	Road	10.58 km, 8-lane, Undersea Tunnels	~14,000 (Total)	Partially Opened	Phased Opening 2024-2025	34
Mumbai Coastal Road (Ph 2: Bandra-Kandivali)	Road	~19 km, Includes Versova-Bandra Sea Link	–	Under Construction	Expected 2026/2027	40
Samruddhi Mahamarg (Mumbai-Nagpur Expressway)	Expressway	701 km, 6-lane (exp. to 8)	55,000	Partially Opened (625km)	Final Leg Expected Mar/May 2025	34
Mumbai-Pune Expressway Missing Link	Expressway	13.3 km bypass, Tunnels, Bridges	6,595	Under Construction	Expected Aug 2025	33
Mumbai Metro Line 3 (Aqua)	Metro	33.5 km, Underground, Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ	–	Partially Opened	Full Ops Expected Mid-2025	44
Mumbai Metro Lines 4, 5, 6 (Green, Orange, Pink)	Metro	Various Elevated Corridors	–	Under Construction	Expected Late 2025 / Dec 2025	44
Pune Metro Phase 1 (Lines 1 & 2)	Metro	~33 km (Operational), Elevated/Underground	–	Operational	Fully Operational Sep 2024	50
Pune Metro Line 3 (Hinjewadi-Civil Court)	Metro	23.3 km, Elevated, PPP Model	–	Under Construction	Expected Completion April 2025+	51
Nagpur Metro Phase 2	Metro	43.8 km, 4 Extensions, Elevated/At-grade	6,708	Approved, Tenders Awarded	Target 2026 (Official) / 2028 (Est)	55
DMIC – Shendra Bidkin Industrial Area (SBIA)	Industrial	18.55 sq. km near Aurangabad	–	Trunk Infra Nearing Comp.	Land Allotment Started	63
Vadhavan Port	Port	New Major Port near Dahanu	–	Planned/Approvals Ongoing	Expected Operational by 2030	44
RE Parks (Aggregate Target / Key Examples)	Energy	Target: 45%+ RE Capacity; Examples: Jalkot (150MWp), Solapur (1.2GW planned)	–	Under Development	Ongoing / Targets by 2030	4

5. Social Development and Human Capital Formation

Alongside economic and infrastructure development, Maharashtra places significant emphasis on social progress and human capital formation, recognizing their critical role in achieving sustainable and inclusive growth. Key focus areas include education, healthcare, skill development, and social welfare.

5.1 Education Reforms and Initiatives

Maharashtra is actively implementing the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and undertaking initiatives to improve school infrastructure and quality.

• NEP 2020 Implementation: The state government approved a phased implementation of NEP 2020, commencing with Class 1 in the 2025-26 academic year.⁷⁵ This involves adopting the 5+3+3+4 educational structure, shifting focus towards foundational literacy and numeracy (ages 3-8), preparatory, middle, and secondary stages.⁷⁵ The curriculum is being revamped by the State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) and Balbharati (state textbook bureau), aligning with the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) framework but incorporating localized content relevant to Maharashtra.⁷⁵ A key, and potentially contentious, change is the mandatory inclusion of Hindi as a third language for Classes 1-5 in Marathi and English medium schools.⁷⁵ The policy emphasizes multilingualism, flexibility, critical thinking, project-based learning, and holistic assessment methods.⁷⁶ A state-level NEP Task Force, previously headed by Dr. Raghunath Mashelkar, developed the initial roadmap, and a Steering Committee oversees implementation.⁷⁸ Higher education reforms under NEP, such as the Academic Bank of Credits, National Credit Framework, multidisciplinary approaches, and internationalization, are also being pursued.⁷⁹
• Infrastructure and Quality Enhancement: To serve as models for NEP implementation, the state plans to upgrade 4,860 government schools into ‘CM Shri Schools’, mirroring the central PM SHRI scheme.⁸¹ These schools will receive enhanced physical infrastructure (including digital and sports facilities), improved resources, and potentially better student-teacher ratios.⁸¹ They are intended to mentor other schools within their cluster.⁸¹ Teacher training is a priority, with a target to train 80% of teachers in new pedagogical methods and digital tools by 2025.⁷⁵ However, challenges remain regarding the digital infrastructure available in many schools, particularly in rural areas.⁷⁷ The state budget for FY 2025-26 allocated a significant ₹1,06,338 crore for Education, Sports, Arts, and Culture.²³

5.2 Healthcare System Strengthening

Maharashtra is undertaking major initiatives to upgrade its public healthcare infrastructure and expand access to services.

• Systemic Upgrades: A comprehensive mission, supported by a ₹4,000 crore loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), aims to strengthen health institutions across all levels, from sub-health centres (Ayushman Arogya Mandirs) to tertiary referral hospitals.⁸³ Over 12,300 Ayushman Arogya Mandirs are operational, providing comprehensive primary care.⁸⁵ The Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) provides additional funding (₹1,195 crore approved for FY22-FY26) for Integrated Public Health Labs (IPHLs) and Critical Care Blocks (CCBs).⁸⁵ Furthermore, the state government plans to establish a dedicated Maharashtra Public Health Infrastructure Corporation to oversee infrastructure development and upgrades.⁸⁶
• Hospital Infrastructure: New Government Medical Colleges (GMCs) are being established, with existing public hospitals being linked as teaching facilities.⁸³ In densely populated areas, independent teaching hospitals are proposed (e.g., Dharashiv).⁸³ Construction of new government hospitals is underway in districts like Alibag, Sindhudurg, Amravati, and Washim.⁸³ Equipment procurement and upgrades are ongoing at various facilities, including Satara, Chandrapur, and Mumbai’s Sir J.J. Super Speciality Hospital.⁸³ Centres of Excellence and specialized institutions for organ donation are also planned.⁸³
• Healthcare Programs and Access: The state provides health coverage through an integrated model combining the state’s Mahatma Jyotirao Phule Jan Arogya Yojana (MJPJAY) and the central Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY).⁸⁴ Recently, under a move towards universal healthcare, the scheme’s coverage amount per family was increased, the number of covered medical procedures expanded significantly from 996 to 1,356, and the number of empanelled hospitals increased from 1,000 to 1,900 (with a target of 50% public hospitals in the new slots).⁸⁷ The Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Programme is also operational in numerous centres across the state.⁸⁵
• Digital Health Initiatives: To improve efficiency and record management, the state plans to introduce a Unique Health ID system for all patients, linking medical history and scheme eligibility.⁸⁸ An integrated Health Management Information System (HMIS) is also under development.⁸⁴ Teleconsultation services are being provided through Ayushman Arogya Mandirs.⁸⁵
• Addressing Challenges: Despite these efforts, challenges persist. Maharashtra’s state budget allocation to health (4.6% in 2023-24) has been noted as lower than the average for Indian states (6.2%).⁸⁹ Concerns exist about potential underutilization of allocated funds ⁸⁹, disparities in infrastructure and access across regions ⁸, a shortage of specialist doctors (prompting proposals for mandatory government service post-PG ⁸), inefficiencies in quality drug procurement ⁸, and instances of extra cash demands from beneficiaries under insurance schemes.⁸⁷

5.3 Skill Development Ecosystem

Creating a skilled workforce aligned with industry needs is crucial for economic growth and employment.

• Institutional Structure: The Skill, Employment, Entrepreneurship and Innovation Department (SEEID) oversees skill development.⁹⁰ Key implementing bodies include the Maharashtra State Skill Development Society (MSSDS), which acts as the nodal agency coordinating various schemes ⁹¹; the Directorate of Vocational Education & Training (DVET), managing Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) ⁹⁰; and the Maharashtra State Innovation Society (MSInS), promoting entrepreneurship.⁹⁰
• Flagship Programs: The Pramod Mahajan Kaushalya and Udyojakta Vikas Abhiyan (PMKUVA) is a major statewide initiative targeting individuals aged 15-45, offering courses ranging from 180 to 1200 hours.⁹² The Kiman Kaushalya Vikaas Kaarayakram focuses on providing courses tailored to specific district needs.⁹³ These state schemes are integrated with central programs like the National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM) and Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY).⁹² The World Bank-supported Development of Applied Knowledge and Skills for Human Development (DAKSH) program specifically targets improving training quality and employability through ITIs and short-term NSQF-compliant courses.⁹⁰
• Reach and Activities: MSSDS had an initial vision to skill 45 million people by 2022.⁹² Reports indicate significant outreach, with over 4 lakh beneficiaries and 2 lakh assessments mentioned in one source ⁹⁴, operating through a network of over 5,000 training centers.⁹⁴ MSSDS activities include conducting skill gap studies, accrediting training providers, supporting counseling and awareness programs, and maintaining a Labour Market Information System (LMIS).⁹² Recent government approvals include ₹75 crore for PMKUVA initiatives.⁹⁶

5.4 Social Welfare Schemes

The state implements large-scale welfare schemes targeting vulnerable populations, particularly farmers and women.

• Farmer Welfare: The Namo Shetkari Mahasanman Nidhi (NSMN) scheme provides an annual financial assistance of ₹6,000 to eligible farmers, complementing the central PM-KISAN scheme’s ₹6,000, thus providing a total of ₹12,000 per year.⁹⁷ There are indications this state contribution might increase to ₹9,000 annually.¹⁰² The scheme targets around 90 lakh farmers registered under PM-KISAN.¹⁰¹ Other initiatives addressing agrarian distress include the Nanaji Deshmukh Krishi Sanjeevani Yojana for drought-proofing ¹⁰⁵, the Mahatma Jyotirao Phule Shetkari Karjmukti Yojana for loan waivers ¹⁰⁵, crop insurance under PMFBY ¹⁰⁷, and broader efforts involving irrigation and market access.¹⁰⁷
• Women Empowerment: The Mukhya Mantri Majhi Ladaki Bahin Yojana, launched in 2024, is a flagship scheme providing ₹1,500 per month to eligible women aged 21-65 with family income below ₹2.5 lakh.⁶² The scheme aims to enhance economic independence, health, and nutrition.¹¹³ It has a massive beneficiary base, reported at over 2.34 crore women.¹¹⁶ Eligibility criteria exclude families with higher incomes, tax-paying members, government employees (with exceptions), or four-wheeler owners.¹¹¹ Due to the scheme’s guidelines capping total government aid, women also receiving benefits under the NSMN scheme have their Ladki Bahin payout adjusted to ₹500, ensuring the total benefit does not exceed ₹1,500.⁶² Other women-centric initiatives include the provision of three free LPG cylinder refills annually for beneficiaries ⁹⁷, fee waivers for poor girls in college ⁹⁷, the Punyashlok Ahilya Devi Holkar Mahila Navodyog Yojana offering financial aid to women entrepreneurs ¹¹⁶, and the adoption of the Fourth Women’s Policy-2024.¹¹⁶

The sheer scale of flagship welfare schemes like Ladki Bahin (potentially costing over ₹42,000 crore annually based on beneficiary numbers and payout ¹¹²) and Namo Shetkari (costing ₹5,400-₹8,100 crore annually ¹⁰¹) represents a substantial and ongoing fiscal commitment for the state. While these schemes are vital for providing social safety nets and potentially yielding political dividends, their significant recurring expenditure directly competes with the need for massive capital investments in infrastructure (Section 4) required to achieve the $1 trillion economy goal. Budgetary trends, such as rising committed expenditures on salaries, pensions, and interest payments alongside a projected decrease in capital outlay for FY26 ²³, underscore this tension. The adjustment made for beneficiaries receiving payments from both Ladki Bahin and NSMN ⁶² indicates an awareness of this fiscal pressure. However, ensuring the long-term financial sustainability of these large-scale transfer programs alongside the state’s ambitious development investments remains a critical balancing act.

Furthermore, while policies drive significant expansion in education (NEP rollout, CM Shri schools ⁷⁵) and healthcare (ADB loan, MJPJAY expansion, new facilities ⁸³), ensuring the quality of services keeps pace with quantitative growth poses a major implementation challenge. Achieving desired human development outcomes requires addressing underlying issues such as adequate teacher training and deployment ⁷⁵, bridging the digital divide in schools ⁷⁷, tackling the shortage of specialist doctors in public hospitals ⁸, improving drug procurement systems ⁸, and rigorously monitoring service quality and preventing misuse in healthcare schemes.⁸⁷ Simply launching programs or constructing buildings is insufficient without a concurrent, sustained focus on quality inputs and effective delivery mechanisms.

Similarly, while Maharashtra has established a comprehensive skill development ecosystem ⁹⁰ with numerous training programs ⁹², the ultimate success lies in translating training into meaningful employment, particularly in the high-growth sectors targeted by the state’s economic policies (e.g., Manufacturing, IT, EVs). This necessitates strong, dynamic linkages with industry for curriculum relevance, practical training opportunities like apprenticeships, effective placement support, and continuous monitoring of evolving labor market demands via systems like the LMIS.⁹⁵ Ensuring that the skills imparted directly align with the requirements of the millions of new jobs envisioned ²³ is crucial for the skill development initiatives to effectively contribute to the state’s economic transformation.

6. Sustainable Development and Environmental Governance

Maharashtra integrates sustainability and environmental governance into its development framework through dedicated climate action plans, water resource management strategies, waste management initiatives, and policies promoting green mobility and renewable energy.

6.1 Climate Action Planning

Recognizing its vulnerability to climate change impacts like droughts and floods ¹¹⁷, Maharashtra has developed a multi-level climate action planning framework.

• State-Level Framework: The Maharashtra State Action Plan on Climate Change (MSAPCC) provides the overarching strategy.¹¹⁷ This is complemented by the State Climate Change Policy, adopted in 2017, which outlines sectoral approaches for mainstreaming climate concerns.¹¹⁷ Institutional structures include a high-level State Council and Steering Committee for guidance and oversight, and a dedicated Climate Change Cell within the Environment Department for coordination.¹¹⁷ A specific State Action Plan on Climate Change and Human Health (SAPCCHH) addresses health vulnerabilities and aims to build a climate-resilient healthcare system.¹¹⁸
• City-Level Action: Maharashtra is actively promoting climate action planning at the city level. The Mumbai Climate Action Plan (MCAP), launched in 2021, was a pioneering effort in South Asia, aligning with Paris Agreement goals and focusing on both mitigation and adaptation.¹²³ Building on this, the state launched a Climate Accelerator Program to support its 43 AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation) cities in developing their own Climate Action Plans (CAPs) aligned with India’s Net Zero 2070 target.¹²³ Cities like Nashik, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, and Solapur are among those developing tailored plans.¹²³ A city decarbonisation roadmap focusing on the energy and building sectors has also been developed.¹²⁶
• Focus Areas: These plans generally address both mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and adaptation (building resilience). Key sectoral focus areas typically include sustainable energy (efficiency, renewables), sustainable transportation, waste management, water resource management, urban greening, and improving air quality.¹²³

6.2 Water Conservation and Management

Water scarcity is a critical issue, particularly in drought-prone regions like Marathwada and Vidarbha.¹⁰⁶

• Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan (JSA): Launched in 2014-15, JSA was a high-profile flagship scheme aiming to make Maharashtra drought-free by 2019 through extensive watershed development works like deepening streams, building check dams, and digging farm ponds.¹²⁹ It involved significant public expenditure (₹9,630 crore reported by CAG for 630,000 interventions ¹⁰⁶) and covered over 22,500 villages.¹⁰⁶ However, its effectiveness was questioned, with audits finding limited impact on groundwater levels and water neutrality.¹⁰⁶ Allegations of irregularities led to its discontinuation by the previous MVA government.¹⁰⁶
• Current Initiatives: The MVA government had introduced the Chief Minister Water Conservation Programme (CMWCP), a three-year scheme focusing on repairing existing irrigation structures.¹³³ The current government has revived the JSA concept, first as JSA 2.0 ¹³⁴ and now planning JSA 3.0, which aims to repair existing structures and introduce “new dimensions” of water conservation.¹³⁴ A massive survey of nearly 14 lakh existing water conservation works across 34 districts is underway to verify their condition and utility, prevent duplication, and inform the design of JSA Phase III.¹²⁹
• Broader Water Management Strategies: The State Water Policy emphasizes water conservation, improving efficiency, rainwater harvesting, and promoting recycling and reuse.¹³⁵ It advocates for decentralized water management at the river basin level and promotes farmers’ participation through Water Users’ Associations (WUAs).¹³⁶ Techniques promoted include micro-irrigation (drip, sprinkler) ¹⁰⁷, construction of various water harvesting structures (farm ponds, check dams, percolation tanks) ¹³⁵, and afforestation.¹³⁵ A Used Water Management Strategy and Roadmap has been developed to address challenges and promote the reuse of treated wastewater, although current reuse levels are low.¹³⁷ Community-led initiatives like the Paani Foundation’s Water Cup have also demonstrated success in mobilizing villages for watershed management.¹³⁸ Watershed development is also supported under central schemes like PMKSY ¹⁰⁶ and linked with MGNREGS for works like desilting.¹²⁷

6.3 Waste Management

Managing the large volume of waste generated, particularly in urban areas, is a key environmental challenge.

• Policy and Regulatory Framework: Management is governed by the central Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules, 2016, and state-level Maharashtra SWM Bye-laws, 2019.¹⁴⁰ Specific rules also cover Plastic Waste, E-waste, Bio-Medical Waste, Hazardous Waste, and Construction & Demolition (C&D) Waste.¹⁴¹ The state’s Environment Action Plan 2021 ¹⁴¹ and city-level plans like BMC’s Vision 2030 for SWM ¹²⁴ provide further direction.
• Status and Initiatives: Maharashtra generates approximately 23,500 tonnes per day (TPD) of municipal solid waste.¹⁴⁰ Official reports claim high rates of segregation (around 93%) and treatment/processing (around 94%).¹⁴⁰ Key initiatives include promoting source segregation into wet, dry, and domestic hazardous waste ¹⁴⁰; processing wet waste through composting (under the state’s “Harit Maha City Compost” brand) and bio-methanization ¹⁴⁰; establishing Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) for sorting and recycling dry waste ¹⁴⁰; integrating informal waste pickers into the formal system ¹⁴⁰; mandating bulk waste generators (e.g., large housing societies, commercial establishments in Mumbai) to treat their waste in-situ ¹²⁴; and undertaking bio-mining or scientific closure of legacy dumpsites.¹²⁴ Pune’s model, utilizing the SWaCH cooperative for decentralized collection and processing, is often cited as an innovative approach.¹⁴⁵ The state is also exploring wastewater recycling and reuse policies.¹⁴⁷
• Implementation Challenges: Despite policies and initiatives, effective waste management faces hurdles. Household-level source segregation often remains inadequate, and the integration of the informal sector needs strengthening.¹⁴¹ Enforcement of rules, particularly regarding plastic waste and levying fines, can be inconsistent.¹⁴¹ ULBs often face resource constraints for implementing comprehensive SWM systems.¹⁴¹

6.4 Green Mobility (Electric Vehicle Policy)

Promoting electric mobility is a key strategy for reducing transport emissions and improving air quality.

• EV Policy 2021: Maharashtra’s EV Policy 2021, valid until March 31, 2025, set ambitious targets.¹⁴⁸ These included achieving at least 10% EV share in new vehicle registrations by 2025 ¹⁴⁹, with specific targets for two-wheelers (10%), three-wheelers (20%), and four-wheelers (5%).¹⁴⁹ It also aimed for 25% electrification of public transport and urban fleet operators/aggregators by 2025.²⁵ The policy also aimed to establish at least one Gigafactory for advanced battery manufacturing.¹⁴⁹ However, the policy fell short on several targets, with actual EV penetration lower than aimed for, particularly in the four-wheeler segment, though charging station targets outside Mumbai were met.³⁹
• Incentives: The 2021 policy offered demand-side incentives based on battery capacity (kWh), capped per vehicle type ¹⁴⁹, along with exemptions from road tax and registration fees.¹⁴⁸ Scrappage incentives ¹⁵² and potential additional incentives for OEMs offering buyback or extended battery warranties were also included.¹⁴⁸
• Charging Infrastructure: The policy targeted setting up a significant number of public charging stations (PCS) in major cities (e.g., 1,500 in Mumbai, 500 in Pune) and along major highways (every 25 km) by 2025.¹⁴⁸ Incentives were offered for setting up charging stations (50-60% cost reimbursement, capped) ²⁵, and ULBs were encouraged to offer property tax rebates for private charging installation.²⁵
• New EV Policy (Upcoming): Recognizing the need for a stronger push, the state government is developing a new EV policy.³⁹ This policy is expected to be more aggressive, potentially offering higher incentives (ranging from ₹30,000 to ₹2 lakh mentioned ³⁹), aiming for a much denser charging network (stations every 50 meters mentioned, plus 500 highway stations for LMVs/trucks ³⁹), setting higher penetration targets (30% electric four-wheelers, 40% electric two-wheelers in three years ³⁹), mandating government fleets to be electric, and potentially requiring aggregators to have 50% electric fleets.³⁹ It will also likely continue to support local manufacturing and battery recycling.¹⁵⁴

6.5 Renewable Energy Integration

(Partially covered in Section 4) The state’s energy strategy strongly emphasizes a shift towards renewable sources. This includes large-scale solar parks ⁶⁶, promoting rooftop solar, encouraging solar installations on farms ⁷, developing wind power, and investing in Green Hydrogen production.²⁵ The target of achieving over 45% renewable energy capacity is ambitious ⁷ and central to the state’s decarbonization efforts.

A significant gap often exists between Maharashtra’s stated environmental policies and on-the-ground implementation, particularly evident in water management. Policies advocate for conservation, efficiency, and reuse ¹³⁵, yet the state grapples with persistent water scarcity ¹⁰⁶, driven partly by the continued promotion of water-intensive crops like sugarcane ¹²⁷ and questions surrounding the scientific rigor and effectiveness of large-scale conservation schemes like Jalyukt Shivar.¹⁰⁶ Achieving genuine water security necessitates bridging this dichotomy by rigorously enforcing demand management, aligning agricultural policies with water availability, ensuring participatory approaches ¹³⁶, and adopting scientifically sound conservation methods, rather than relying solely on potentially flawed infrastructure projects.¹³⁴

Similarly, the ambitious transition to electric vehicles hinges critically on the synchronized development of charging infrastructure and grid capacity. While EV targets are aggressive ¹⁴⁹, past performance in meeting charging infrastructure goals has lagged, especially in key urban centers like Mumbai.³⁹ Furthermore, the increased electricity demand from widespread EV adoption must be managed effectively to avoid grid strain and ensure the power used for charging comes predominantly from renewable sources to maximize environmental benefits.¹⁵⁴ Failure to integrate EV rollout with robust charging networks and sustainable grid upgrades could impede adoption and compromise the “green” aspect of the transition.

Finally, while Maharashtra has made commendable progress in formulating climate action plans at both state and city levels ¹²¹, the crucial next step is effective mainstreaming. Climate mitigation and adaptation goals need to be deeply embedded within the planning, budgeting, and execution processes of all government departments and development projects.¹¹⁷ This requires overcoming institutional silos, building capacity within line departments, securing dedicated climate finance, and maintaining strong political will to ensure that climate resilience and emission reduction are integral components of the state’s core development strategy, including the $1 trillion vision, rather than being treated as separate environmental add-ons.¹¹⁷

7. Navigating Challenges and Seizing Opportunities

Maharashtra’s path towards its development goals is marked by both significant challenges that need careful navigation and substantial opportunities that can be leveraged for accelerated progress. A realistic assessment of these factors is crucial for understanding the state’s future trajectory.

7.1 Key Challenges

Despite its strengths, Maharashtra confronts several deep-seated and emerging challenges:

• Regional Imbalances: A stark economic and developmental divide persists between the prosperous Mumbai-Pune belt and regions like Vidarbha and Marathwada.³ While policies aim for balanced growth ²⁴, infrastructure and investment remain heavily concentrated, potentially widening this gap (as discussed in Section 4). Addressing this requires more than just connecting corridors; it needs targeted industrial promotion, infrastructure development, and human capital investment within lagging regions.
• Agrarian Distress: The agricultural sector, supporting over half the workforce ³, faces chronic issues including farmer suicides, high indebtedness, income instability, climate vulnerability (droughts, erratic rainfall), and inadequate market access.³ Despite numerous welfare schemes (NSMN, loan waivers, insurance) ⁹⁷, finding holistic and sustainable solutions that improve farmer livelihoods and resilience remains a major challenge, complicated by issues like water scarcity and cropping pattern choices (as discussed in Section 6).
• Urban Congestion and Liveability: Rapid urbanization has led to severe traffic congestion in major cities like Mumbai and Pune, which rank among the world’s most congested.¹⁵⁹ This is compounded by inadequate public transport capacity ¹⁶¹, parking shortages ¹⁵⁹, air and noise pollution ¹⁶⁵, strain on housing and public services ¹⁶⁶, and challenges in managing urban sprawl. Proposed solutions like mandatory parking proof ¹⁵⁹ or congestion pricing ¹⁵⁹ face implementation hurdles and require significant upgrades in public transport alternatives.⁷²
• Water Scarcity and Management: Large parts of the state, especially Marathwada and Vidarbha, face acute water scarcity, exacerbated by climate change, over-reliance on groundwater, and inefficient water use, particularly in agriculture.¹⁰⁶ The effectiveness of past large-scale interventions like Jalyukt Shivar has been debated ¹⁰⁶, highlighting the need for integrated, scientifically sound water resource management combining supply augmentation with demand management and efficient usage practices (as discussed in Section 6).
• Infrastructure Implementation Capacity: Executing the vast portfolio of ongoing mega-projects simultaneously strains the state’s capacity in project management, land acquisition, regulatory approvals, and inter-agency coordination.⁶ This leads to risks of delays and cost overruns across critical projects (as discussed in Section 4). Strengthening execution capabilities is paramount.⁶
• Fiscal Pressures: The state faces the challenge of balancing substantial and growing expenditure on large-scale welfare schemes (like Ladki Bahin and Namo Shetkari) with the massive capital investments required for infrastructure and achieving the $1 trillion economy goal.²³ Rising committed expenditures (pensions, interest) further constrain fiscal space (as discussed in Section 5). Prudent fiscal management and exploring diverse financing avenues are essential.
• Human Capital Quality and Relevance: While expanding access to education and healthcare, ensuring quality remains a challenge.⁸ In education, effective NEP implementation requires addressing teacher capacity and resource gaps.⁷⁵ In healthcare, specialist shortages and service quality need attention.⁸ Furthermore, the skill development ecosystem must effectively bridge the gap between training and industry requirements to ensure graduates are employable in the targeted growth sectors ⁴ (as discussed in Section 5).
• Environmental Sustainability Implementation: Translating climate action plans into mainstreamed practices across all sectors ¹¹⁷, ensuring scientific and effective waste management ¹⁴⁰, and managing the green transition (EVs, RE) sustainably by addressing grid integration and infrastructure needs ¹⁵⁴ are ongoing challenges (as discussed in Section 6).
• Governance and Institutional Capacity: Strengthening governance structures, enhancing institutional capacity at state and particularly local levels ⁶, improving data availability and use for decision-making ⁶, and ensuring transparency and accountability ⁴ are fundamental prerequisites for effective policy implementation across all domains.

7.2 Key Opportunities

Maharashtra possesses significant strengths and opportunities to drive its development agenda:

• Economic Scale and Leadership: As India’s largest state economy and financial capital, Maharashtra has a strong foundation, diverse industrial base, and established ecosystem to attract further investment and drive growth.⁵
• Transformative Infrastructure: Once completed, the ongoing mega-projects in transportation (expressways, sea links, metros, airport, ports) have the potential to drastically improve connectivity, reduce logistics costs, enhance efficiency, and unlock new economic opportunities across regions.
• Policy Momentum and Reform: The formulation of new, ambitious policies (Industrial 2025, IT/ITES 2023, EV, Biotech, Green Hydrogen) provides strategic direction and signals intent to promote growth in high-potential and emerging sectors.²³ Continued focus on EoDB reforms can further enhance the investment climate.⁷
• Vibrant Innovation Ecosystem: The state’s leadership in startups and unicorns ²¹ represents a significant asset. This ecosystem can be leveraged to drive innovation, technology adoption across sectors (including agriculture ¹⁷⁰ and governance), create high-value jobs, and potentially address the R&D intensity gap.
• Demographic Potential: Maharashtra has a large and relatively young population.²² If effectively educated, skilled, and provided with productive employment opportunities, this demographic can be a powerful engine for growth.⁷
• Technology Adoption: There is significant potential to leverage digital technologies to improve governance efficiency (e.g., Udyog Seva Kendras ⁷), enhance public service delivery (e.g., digital health records ⁸⁸, smart ticketing ¹⁶⁴), modernize agriculture ¹⁷⁰, and optimize infrastructure management (e.g., intelligent transport systems ⁴⁷).
• Sustainability Leadership Potential: With its focus on renewable energy ⁷, electric mobility ¹⁵³, climate action planning ¹²⁵, and circular economy initiatives ¹⁴⁵, Maharashtra has the opportunity to position itself as a leader in sustainable development, potentially attracting green finance and enhancing long-term resilience.
• National Alignment and Support: The state can benefit from aligning its strategies with national missions and leveraging central government schemes (PM-KISAN, Ayushman Bharat, NEP, PMGSY, DMIC, etc.) and support from institutions like NITI Aayog ¹ for resources, funding, and strategic coherence.

Achieving the ambitious $1 trillion economy target requires more than just aggregate growth; it demands an inclusive approach that actively tackles the state’s deep-seated inequalities. The benefits of development must reach lagging regions like Vidarbha and Marathwada and vulnerable populations, particularly struggling farmers. A growth model that bypasses these segments risks being socially and politically unsustainable. Therefore, integrating strategies for regional balance, agricultural revitalization, and equitable urban development must be central to the $1 trillion roadmap, ensuring that policies are explicitly designed and implemented with distributional outcomes in mind.³

Financing this multifaceted and large-scale development agenda poses a significant challenge given the constraints on traditional state budgets, especially with substantial welfare commitments.²³ Maharashtra must strategically leverage its position as India’s financial hub ²² to explore and scale up innovative financing mechanisms. This includes attracting greater private investment through well-structured Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) across various sectors (building on examples like Pune Metro Line 3 ⁵³ and MSRTC e-buses ¹⁷²), tapping into the growing market for green finance and sustainability-linked bonds for environmental projects, and potentially establishing dedicated state-level infrastructure or development finance institutions to mobilize and channel funds more effectively. Moving beyond reliance solely on budgetary allocations will be critical for resourcing the state’s comprehensive roadmap.⁶

Ultimately, the success of Maharashtra’s entire development endeavor hinges on the effectiveness of its governance and implementation capacity. Translating ambitious visions, policies, and investments into tangible results requires overcoming identified weaknesses. This involves enhancing inter-agency coordination to avoid project conflicts and delays ⁴⁴, strengthening planning and execution capabilities at the district and local levels (as targeted by MahaSTRIDE ⁶), ensuring transparency and accountability in public spending and scheme delivery ⁴, systematically using data for evidence-based decision-making ⁶, and fostering collaborative partnerships between government, the private sector, and communities.¹³⁸ Improving governance effectiveness is arguably the most critical determinant of whether Maharashtra can successfully navigate its challenges and fully realize its potential for transformative and sustainable development.¹¹⁷

8. Conclusion: Maharashtra’s Path Forward

Maharashtra stands as India’s economic vanguard, propelled by an ambitious vision aiming for a $1 trillion GSDP, intertwined with commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals. The state has made demonstrable progress, marked by the completion of landmark infrastructure like the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link, the partial operationalization of major expressways (Samruddhi Mahamarg, Coastal Road) and metro networks, a consistently strong performance in attracting Foreign Direct Investment, and the cultivation of a leading startup ecosystem. Furthermore, the rollout of large-scale social welfare programs targeting women and farmers underscores a commitment to social support.

The state’s strategy is multifaceted, relying on infrastructure-led growth to enhance connectivity and logistics, targeted industrial policies to foster manufacturing and high-tech sectors like IT and Biotechnology, significant investments in human capital through education and healthcare reforms, and initiatives aimed at environmental sustainability, including climate action and a transition towards green mobility and energy.

However, the path forward is complex and fraught with challenges. Realizing the $1 trillion ambition requires navigating significant hurdles. Persistent regional disparities, chronic agrarian distress, and acute urban congestion demand targeted and effective solutions that go beyond broad-stroke policies. The sheer scale of the infrastructure pipeline tests the state’s execution capacity, risking delays and cost overruns. Fiscal sustainability is a critical concern, requiring careful management to balance massive welfare expenditures with essential capital investments. Ensuring quality in social service delivery alongside quantitative expansion, bridging the gap between skilling and meaningful employment, and effectively mainstreaming environmental considerations into all development activities are further crucial challenges.

Despite these obstacles, Maharashtra possesses immense potential. Its economic scale, diversified industrial base, strong investment climate, dynamic innovation culture, and demographic advantages provide a powerful foundation. The transformative potential of its infrastructure projects, coupled with policy reforms and technology adoption, offers significant opportunities for accelerated and sustainable growth.

Maharashtra is at a critical inflection point. Its future trajectory depends not just on the ambition of its vision but, more crucially, on its ability to execute effectively and inclusively. Success hinges on strengthening governance and institutional capacity at all levels, ensuring fiscal prudence while exploring innovative financing, actively addressing regional and social inequalities, and embedding environmental sustainability into the core development paradigm. The journey towards a $1 trillion economy must be managed with astute planning, adaptive governance, and an unwavering commitment to ensuring that growth translates into a higher quality of life for all citizens in an equitable and environmentally responsible manner.

This Report and Images are made with assistance of AI, Agentkart is not responsible for the content in the follow links below.

Works cited

1. Policy Repository – NITI for States, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://nitiforstates.gov.in/policy-viewer?id=GSS71M000228
2. Maharashtra govt adopts UN goals in vision document 2030 | Mumbai News – Times of India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-govt-adopts-un-goals-in-vision-document-2030/articleshow/63304321.cms
3. Maharashtra Planning Department VISION 2030: REPORT …, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://infobank.aroehan.org/maharashtra-planning-department-vision-2030-report/
4. www.niti.gov.in, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-01/Mahrashtra.pdf
5. Power Sector Vision 2030 – Maharashtra Energy Development Agency, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mahaurja.com/meda/data/other/Maharashtra%20Power%20Sector%20Vision%202030.pdf
6. Maharashtra Strengthening Institutional Capabilities in Districts for Enabling Growth – World Bank, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/procurement-detail/OP00306560
7. Maharashtra Economic Advisory Council 2023, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/files/DSP/home/Maharashtra%20EAC%20Final%20Report.pdf
8. Public Health – Maharashtra Institution for Transformation (MITRA), accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mahamitra.org/public-health/
9. Contact Us – Government of Maharashtra Planning Department, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://plan.mahaitgov.in/Site/1134/Contact-Us
10. Ministry of Planning (Maharashtra) – Wikipedia, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Planning_(Maharashtra)
11. Government of Maharashtra Planning Department, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://plan.mahaitgov.in/
12. Contact Directory of Planning Department, Maharashtra – National Portal of India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.india.gov.in/contact-directory-planning-department-maharashtra
13. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Maharashtra | SAS India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.sas.com/en_in/customers/des.html
14. Directorate of Economics and Statistics – STATE ANNUAL PLAN LOGIN, accessed on April 22, 2025, http://13.127.98.242:8080/DES/home.do?lang=en
15. About SDG – GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA., accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/SDG/aboutSDG
16. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Maharashtra, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do?lang=en
17. Directorate Of Economics and Statistics, Maharashtra | Department of Goods and Services Tax, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mahagst.gov.in/en/directorate-economics-and-statistics-maharashtra
18. HOME:Maharashtra State Data Bank,Government of Maharashtra, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://des3.mahaonline.gov.in/login.do
19. DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS, GOVT OF MAHARASHTRA Tenders 2025 – TendersOnTime., accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.tendersontime.com/authority/directorate-of-economics-and-statistics-govt-of-maharashtra-tenders-9176/
20. अर्थ व सांख्यिकी संचालनालय, accessed on April 22, 2025, http://13.127.98.242:8080/DES/
21. Maharashtra Economic Survey 2024-25: Key Insights and What …, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://treelife.in/reports/maharashtra-economic-survey-2024-25/
22. cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s349d4b2faeb4b7b9e745775793141e2b2/uploads/2025/01/2025030788773769.pdf
23. prsindia.org, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/maharashtra/2025/MH_Budget_Analysis_2025-26.pdf
24. Policies – Maitri Maharashtra Industry, Trade and Investment …, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://maitri.mahaonline.gov.in/Home/Policies
25. Policies – Maharashtra Industry, Trade And Investment Facilitation (MAITRI), accessed on April 22, 2025, https://maitri.maharashtra.gov.in/policies/
26. India’s R&D spends amongst the lowest in the world: NITI Aayog study, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/indias-rd-spends-amongst-the-lowest-in-the-world-niti-aayog-study/articleshow/93024586.cms
27. Economic Survey of Maharashtra, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://maitri.maharashtra.gov.in/resources/economic-survey-of-maharashtra/
28. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2024-25 – Collections – OpenCity – Urban Data Portal, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://data.opencity.in/dataset/economic-survey-of-maharashtra-2024-25
29. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2023-24 – OpenCity – Urban Data Portal, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://data.opencity.in/dataset/economic-survey-of-maharashtra-2023-24
30. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2021-22, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/esm2122_e.pdf
31. Economic Survey of – Maharashtra Legislature, accessed on April 22, 2025, http://mls.org.in/PDF2023/BUDGET/ESM_2022_23_Eng_Book.pdf
32. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2023-24, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/ESM1920/chapter/English/esm2324_e.pdf
33. 10 Mega Projects That Will Redefine Mumbai by 2025 – The Realty Today, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://therealtytoday.com/news/10-mega-projects-that-will-redefine-mumbai-by-2025
34. List of megaprojects in India – Wikipedia, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_megaprojects_in_India
35. Samruddhi Mahamarg: Route Map, Status and Benefits of Maharashtra’s Mega Expressway, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.indextap.com/blog/samruddhi-mahamarg/
36. Mumbai-Nagpur Samruddhi Expressway’s Final Leg Between Igatpuri & Bhiwandi Likely To Open By March 2025 – Free Press Journal, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-nagpur-samruddhi-expressways-final-leg-between-igatpuri-bhiwandi-likely-to-open-by-march-2025
37. Mumbai Nagpur Expressway or Samruddhi Mahamarg – Route Map, Cost & Status, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/mumbai-nagpur-expressway/127488.html
38. Samruddhi Mahamarg: Revised toll, project status, route map – Housing, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://housing.com/news/mumbai-nagpur-super-expressway-finally-become-reality/
39. State goes all out to promote EVs in new policy | Mumbai news – Hindustan Times, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/state-goes-all-out-to-promote-evs-in-new-policy-101745262836738.html
40. Mumbai’s Coastal Road Project: Route, Map, Features, Key Localities And More – TimesProperty, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://timesproperty.com/article/post/all-about-mumbai-coastal-road-project-blid6986
41. Mumbai Coastal Road: Haji Ali To Marine Drive Interchange Opens For Public – NDTV, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-coastal-road-haji-ali-to-marine-drive-interchange-open-to-traffic-7701209
42. Bandra To Marine Drive In 10 Minutes: All About Mumbai’s Coastal Road – NDTV, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/bandra-to-marine-drive-in-10-minutes-how-coastal-road-will-end-mumbai-traffic-issues-7569333
43. Mumbai: Coastal Road work to drag till 2026, Sea Link bridge may open on January 26, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/coastal-rd-work-to-drag-till-2026-sea-link-bridge-may-open-jan-26/articleshow/116923688.cms
44. In ‘war room’ meet Fadnavis reviews key infra projects emphasises timely completion, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/04/21/bes25-mh-infra-review-cm.html
45. Mumbai’s Trans Harbour Link: 96% Completion – See the Progress! – TimesProperty, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://timesproperty.com/article/post/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-updates-impact-on-real-estate-blid4839
46. Mumbai Trans Harbour Link – Wikipedia, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Trans_Harbour_Link
47. Mumbai Trans Harbour Link: Toll Price, Map & Status [2024] – The Metro Rail Guy, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://themetrorailguy.com/mmrda-mumbai-trans-harbour-link-information-route-map-status/
48. Mumbai Trans Harbour Link | Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/projects/transport/mumbai-trans-harbour-link/overview
49. Upcoming Infrastructure Projects In India In 2025 – Times Property, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://timesproperty.com/article/post/upcoming-infrastructure-projects-in-india-in-2025-blid9553
50. Pune Metro – Wikipedia, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Metro
51. Pune Metro: Opening, Route Map, Stations & Updates [2025], accessed on April 22, 2025, https://themetrorailguy.com/pune-metro-information-map-updates/
52. en.wikipedia.org, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_Metro#:~:text=In%20October%202023%2C%20the%20centre,be%20completed%20by%20mid%202027.
53. Pune metro line 3 completion date, status, progress, map, extension, opening date – Latest news, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.etnownews.com/infrastructure/pune-metro-line-3-completion-date-status-progress-map-extension-opening-date-latest-news-article-116478853
54. Nagpur Metro – Wikipedia, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur_Metro
55. Nagpur Metro Phase 2 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://themetrorailguy.com/nagpur-metro-phase-2-information-route-map-updates/
56. NAGPUR METRO RAIL PROJECT – PHASE II – European Investment Bank, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.eib.org/en/projects/pipelines/all/20220640
57. Nagpur Metro: Kalpataru Projects secures Rs. 999 crore viaduct construction contract for Phase-2 project – Rail Analysis, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://railanalysis.in/rail-news/nagpur-metro-kalpataru-projects-secures-rs-999-crore-viaduct-construction-contract-for-phase-2-project/
58. airsideint.com, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://airsideint.com/navi-mumbai-international-airport-completes-airside-construction/#:~:text=Authorities%20have%20confirmed%20that%20airside,most%20ambitious%20greenfield%20infrastructure%20projects.
59. About NMIA Project – Navi Mumbai International Airport, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.nmiairport.co.in/About-NMIA-Project
60. CIDCO reviews progress of Navi Mumbai airport – The Economic Times, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/cidco-reviews-progress-of-navi-mumbai-airport/articleshow/120440422.cms
61. Will Adani’s $2.1 billion Navi Mumbai International Airport open in June? – Hotelier India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.hotelierindia.com/operations/when-will-adanis-2-1-billion-navi-mumbai-international-airport-open
62. Ladki Bahin Yojana: ₹1500 per month or ₹500 per month? Aditi Tatkare, Ajit Pawar clear the air over financial assistance – Business Today, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/ladki-bahin-yojana-rs1500-per-month-or-rs500-per-month-aditi-tatkare-ajit-pawar-clear-the-air-over-financial-assistance-472223-2025-04-16
63. DMIC Project – RSC Group Dholera, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://rscgroupco.in/dmic-project
64. Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) – NICDC, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.nicdc.in/index.php/delhi-mumbai-industrial-corridor-dmic.html
65. DPIIT celebrates 8th Anniversary of 4 industrial Corridors DMIC, AKIC, CBIC, ECEC and BMIC driving India towards a global manufacturing powerhouse – PIB, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2074768
66. SETTING UP OF SOLAR PARKS IN MAHARASHTRA 2992. SHRI SANJAY UTTAMRAO DESHMUKH SHRI OMPRAKASH BHUPALSINH ALIAS RAJENIMBALKAR Will, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/184/AU2992_Z88jcN.pdf?source=pqals
67. Cleantech Solar Launches 150 MWp Solar Park in Maharashtra – PVKnowhow, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.pvknowhow.com/news/cleantech-launches-solar-park-in-maharashtra/
68. Cleantech Solar commissions open access solar PV projects for multiple clients at ~150 MWp solar park in Maharashtra, consolidating its leading position with sixth RE park in the state, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://cleantechsolar.com/cleantech-solar-commissions-open-access-solar-pv-projects-for-multiple-clients-at-150-mwp-solar-park-in-maharashtra-consolidating-its-leading-position-with-sixth-re-park-in-the-state/
69. Hazoor Multi Projects Forays into RE Sector with 1.2 GW Solar Park in Maharashtra, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.energetica-india.net/news/hazoor-multi-projects-forays-into-re-sector-with-12-gw-solar-park-in-maharashtra
70. Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor set to transform India with USD 100 billion investment, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.dholerametrocity.com/News-delhi-mumbai-industrial-corridor-set-to-transform-india-with-USD-100-billion-investment.php?source=direct
71. What is the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIIC)? – Dholera smart city, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://dholerasmartcityinfo.com/updates-delhi-mumbai-industrial-corridor/
72. As Pimpri Chinchwad grapples with traffic snarls, PCMC’s decongestion plan remains a non-starter | Pune News – The Indian Express, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/as-pimpri-chinchwad-grapples-with-traffic-snarls-pcmcs-decongestion-plan-remains-a-non-starter-9915185/
73. Mumbai’s long-pending infrastructure projects which are likely to be completed in 2025, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ndNkkqHwBo
74. Impact of Mumbai Coastal Road: A Game-Changer for Real Estate – Dwello, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://dwello.in/news/impact-of-mumbai-coastal-road-a-gamechanger-for-real-estate
75. Maharashtra to implement NEP 2020 with Hindi as compulsory third language in classes 1 to 5 from 2025-26 – ET Education, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/government-policies/maha-to-implement-nep-2020-with-hindi-as-compulsory-third-language-in-classes-1-to-5-from-2025-26/120378727
76. Maharashtra Approves Phased Implementation of NEP 2020, To rollout from 2025–26 academic session – Shiksha, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.shiksha.com/news/humanities-social-sciences-maharashtra-approves-phased-implementation-of-nep-2020-to-rollout-from-2025-26-academic-session-blogId-196464
77. Maharashtra Makes Hindi a Mandatory Third Language for Classes 1–5 Under NEP 2020 Rollout – The Logical Indian, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://thelogicalindian.com/maharashtra-makes-hindi-a-mandatory-third-language-for-classes-1-5-under-nep-2020-rollout/
78. NEP Implementation – Higher and Technical Education Department, Maharashtra, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://htedu.maharashtra.gov.in/Main/KnowledgeSharing
79. Report of The Task Force for Implementation of NEP 2020 in Maharashtra October 2020 – June 2021, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://dte.maharashtra.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/NEP_Task_Force_26_2_2022.pdf
80. 23.10.2024: Governor addresses Conference on NEP | Raj Bhavan Maharashtra | India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/23-10-2024-governor-addresses-conference-on-nep/
81. Maharashtra govt plans upgrade 4,860 govt schools to CM Shri institutes | Mumbai News – The Times of India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-govt-plans-upgrade-4860-govt-schools-to-cm-shri-institutes/articleshow/117254347.cms
82. NEP 2025: Latest Updates, Implementation Status & Progress- iDream Education Blog, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.idreameducation.org/blog/nep-2025/
83. Maharashtra to revamp healthcare facilities with ADB’s Support – Medical Dialogues, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/hospital-diagnostics/maharashtra-to-revamp-healthcare-facilities-with-adbs-support-146483
84. Maharashtra to Launch Healthcare Mission – Drishti IAS, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/maharashtra-to-launch-healthcare-mission
85. Modern Healthcare Facilities in Maharashtra – GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION N, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/184/AU5555_Q7uCjk.pdf?source=pqals
86. State to set up Maharashtra Public Health Infrastructure Corporation – Hindustan Times, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/state-to-set-up-maharashtra-public-health-infrastructure-corporation-101743108071583.html
87. Expansion of Medical Procedures and Empanelled Hospitals in Maharashtra’s Universal Healthcare Scheme | Mumbai News – Times of India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/expansion-of-medical-procedures-and-empanelled-hospitals-in-maharashtras-universal-healthcare-scheme/articleshow/111045064.cms
88. Maharashtra to Introduce Unique Health ID for Patients – Digital Health News, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.digitalhealthnews.com/maharashtra-to-introduce-unique-health-id-for-patients
89. Right to Healthcare: What You Need To Know About Maharashtra’s Public Health Services, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://behanbox.com/2024/11/18/right-to-healthcare-what-you-need-to-know-about-maharashtras-public-health-services/
90. Developing the framework & platform for Tracer Study System for ITI graduates in Maharashtra – RFx Now – World Bank, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://wbgeprocure-rfxnow.worldbank.org/rfxnow/public/advertisement/5120/view.html
91. Department of Skills, Employment, Entrepreneurship & Innovation II Floor, Main Building, Madame Cama Road, Hutatma Rajguru Chawk, Mantralaya, Mumbai- 400 032 – Mahaswayam, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.mahaswayam.gov.in/public/img/news/Application_invited_for_Interns_to_work_with_Skill_Employment_Enterpreneurship_and_Innovation_Department_GoM.pdf
92. Maharashtra State Skill Development Society (MSSDS) – NFS, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://nfs.inroad.in/policy-viewer?id=ISSNAP000585
93. Maharashtra State Skill Development Society (MSSDS) Focuses on Comprehensive Skill Training and District-Specific Courses to Skill 45 Million Candidates by 2022 – NITI for States, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.nitiforstates.gov.in/best-practice-detail?id=103731
94. Maharashtra State Skill Development Society (MSSDS) – Testbook, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://testbook.com/mpsc-preparation/maharashtra-state-skill-development-society
95. Maharashtra State Skill Development Training – Softconcept Technologies Provides the maximum type of e-Governance Projects, accessed on April 22, 2025, http://softconcept.in/Associates/maharashtra-skill-development-society.html
96. Pune: ₹75 Crore Approved for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Initiatives, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/pune-75-crore-approved-for-skill-development-and-entrepreneurship-initiatives
97. Maharashtra Reduces Women’s Welfare Aid – Drishti IAS, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/maharashtra-reduces-womens-welfare-aid
98. Namo Shetkari Mahasanman Nidhi Yojana – myScheme, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.myscheme.gov.in/schemes/namo-shetkari-mahasanman-nidhi-yojana
99. Namo Shetkari Mahasanman Nidhi Yojana (NSMNY): Empowering Maharashtra’s Farmers with Rs 6,000 Annual Financial Aid – Krishi Jagran, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://krishijagran.com/explainers/namo-shetkari-mahasanman-nidhi-yojana-nsmny-empowering-maharashtra-s-farmers-with-rs-6-000-annual-financial-aid/
100. Maharashtra Namo Shetkari Maha Samman Nidhi Yojana – | Govt Schemes India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://govtschemes.in/maharashtra-namo-shetkari-maha-samman-nidhi-yojana
101. Maharashtra Approves Lek Ladki & Shetkari Mahasanman Schemes – Utkarsh Classes, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://utkarsh.com/current-affairs/maharashtras-lek-ladki-yojana-namo-shetkari-mahasanman-nidhi-yojana
102. Maharashtra farmers to get Rs 3,000 more under state-run scheme, says CM Fadnavis, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/maharashtra-farmers-to-get-rs-3000-more-under-state-run-scheme-says-cm-fadnavis-3419769
103. Namo Shetkari Mahasanman Nidhi Yojana: Farmers to get Rs 3,000 more under state-run scheme, says CM Devenda Fadnavis – Mid-day, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/namo-shetkari-mahasanman-nidhi-yojana-farmers-to-get-rs-3000-more-under-state-run-scheme-maharashtra-cm-devenda-fadnavis-23489816
104. Maha govt increases amount to farmers under NSMNY scheme – UNITED NEWS OF INDIA, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.uniindia.com/maha-govt-increases-amount-to-farmers-under-nsmny-scheme/west/news/3399280.html
105. Farmer Suicides and Agriculural Sector – Maharashtra State Human Rights Commission, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.mshrc.gov.in/pdf/internship/winter-program/Fact%20Finding%20report%20during%20WIP%202023.pdf
106. After 10 years & Rs 9,630 crore, scheme for drought-proofing Maharashtra can provide water to just 4 – Down To Earth, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/after-10-years-rs-9-630-crore-scheme-for-drought-proofing-maharashtra-can-provide-water-to-just-487-people-for-a-year-95456
107. Agriculture and Rural Development of Maharashtra – ijrpr, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://ijrpr.com/uploads/special/V6ISSUE2/IJRPRC20.pdf
108. Building a resilient future for farmers: MVA’s vision for agricultural reform | SabrangIndia, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://sabrangindia.in/building-a-resilient-future-for-farmers-mvas-vision-for-agricultural-reform/
109. Convergence of Agricultural Interventions in Maharashtra’s Distressed Districts Programme, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.ifad.org/en/w/projects/1100001470
110. Maharashtra: MahaYuti plan to address agrarian distress to turn the tide, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/10/maharashtra-mahayuti-plan-to-address-agrarian-distress-to-turn-the-tide
111. Ladki Bahin Yojana: Eligible women beneficiaries to receive 8th, 9th instalments of Rs 3000 ahead of International Women’s day – The Economic Times, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://m.economictimes.com/wealth/save/ladki-bahin-yojana-eligible-women-beneficiaries-to-receive-8th-9th-installments-of-rs-3000-ahead-of-international-womens-day/articleshow/118786409.cms
112. Ladki Bahin Yojana Maharashtra: Eligibility, Documents Required, How to Apply Online, Benefits – ClearTax, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://cleartax.in/s/ladki-bahin-yojana-maharashtra
113. (PDF) IMPACT OF MUKHYAMANTRI MAZI LADKI BAHIN YOJANA ON WOMEN IN MAHARASHTRA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY – ResearchGate, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388198320_IMPACT_OF_MUKHYAMANTRI_MAZI_LADKI_BAHIN_YOJANA_ON_WOMEN_IN_MAHARASHTRA_AN_ANALYTICAL_STUDY
114. Mukhyamantri Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana: Check eligibility, monthly installment amount, application process, and other details | Zee Business, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.zeebiz.com/personal-finance/photo-gallery-majhi-ladki-bahin-yojana-benefits-eligibility-application-documents-purpose-who-can-apply-to-get-rs-1500-per-month-from-maharashtra-government-for-women-welfare-education-nutrition-skill-training-328708
115. Maharashtra’s Mukhyamantri Ladki Bahin Yojana: Who is eligible to get Rs 1,500 a month, how to register – The Economic Times, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://m.economictimes.com/wealth/save/maharashtras-mukhyamantri-ladki-bahin-yojana-who-is-eligible-to-get-rs-1500-a-month-how-to-register/articleshow/112561538.cms
116. More than 2.34 crore beneficiaries of Ladki Bahin Scheme: Maharashtra governor CP Radhakrishnan | Mumbai News – Times of India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/more-than-2-34-crore-beneficiaries-of-ladki-bahin-scheme-maharashtra-governor-cp-radhakrishnan/articleshow/116178815.cms
117. Maharashtra’s story of developing its State Climate Change Policy, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.opml.co.uk/insights/maharashtras-story-developing-its-state-climate-change-policy
118. Maharashtra – National Centre for Disease Control, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/14.SAPCCHH-VERSION-1-Maharashtra.pdf
119. Maharashtra State Action Plan on Climate Change: Feature & Effect – Testbook, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://testbook.com/mpsc-preparation/maharashtra-climate-change-action-plan
120. Maharashtra State Adaptation Action Plan on Climate Change (MSAAPC), accessed on April 22, 2025, https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2017/09/Maharashtra-Climate-Change-Final-Report.pdf
121. Maharashtra’s Climate Action Challenges and Solutions – REVOLVE, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://revolve.media/interviews/maharashtra-climate-action
122. state action Plan on cliMate change and huMan health, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/17_SAPCCHH_Maharashtra_21-10-24.pdf
123. Small Cities, Big Impact: Scaling up Climate Action Planning across Maharashtra – WRI India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://wri-india.org/blog/small-cities-big-impact-scaling-climate-action-planning-across-maharashtra
124. Creating Value from Waste – Maharashtra Climate Outlook – WordPress.com, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mahaclimateoutlook.wordpress.com/2021/09/01/creating-value-from-waste/
125. Accelerating Climate Action in 43 Cities Across Maharashtra – WRI India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://wri-india.org/news/accelerating-climate-action-43-cities-across-maharashtra
126. Maharashtra city decarbonisation roadmap: Energy and building sector, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Maharashtra-city-decarbonisation-roadmap-Energy-and-building-sector?
127. “Maharashtra’s Water crisis.” – Plutus IAS, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://plutusias.com/maharashtras-water-crisis/
128. Maharashtra Workshop Tackles Worsening Water Crisis, Seeks Solutions For a Sustainable Future – Business Standard, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/maharashtra-workshop-tackles-worsening-water-crisis-seeks-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future-124032200752_1.html
129. 14 lakh water works to be surveyed in Maharashtra before finalising phase III of Jalyukt Shivar | Latest News India – Hindustan Times, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/14-lakh-water-works-to-be-surveyed-in-maharashtra-before-finalising-phase-iii-of-jalyukt-shivar-101743764868556.html
130. Jalyukt-Shivar, accessed on April 22, 2025, http://mrsac.maharashtra.gov.in/jalyukt/
131. Guidelines for JSA Assessment, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.ctara.iitb.ac.in/en/system/files/Standard%20assessment%20guidelines%20of%20Jalyukta%20shivar.pdf
132. Jalyukta Shivar Abhiyan – Maharashtra GOV, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://dgipr.maharashtra.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/MAhead-AUG%202015.pdf
133. Maharashtra govt replaces Jalyukt Shivar with 3-year water conservation scheme, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/maharashtra-govt-replaces-jalyukt-shivar-with-3-year-water-conservation-scheme-101612464798093.html
134. “Jalyukt Shivar 3.0 aims to repair current structures, introduce new dimensions of water conservation”: Maharashtra CM Fadnavis – ANI News, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/jalyukt-shivar-30-aims-to-repair-current-structures-introduce-new-dimensions-of-water-conservation-maharashtra-cm-fadnavis20250110064922/
135. Promoting Water Conservation – Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mwrra.maharashtra.gov.in/en/promoting-water-conservation/
136. maharashtra state water policy, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mwrra.maharashtra.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/State-Water-Policies-English.pdf
137. Landscape Review and Strategic Roadmap for Used Water Management in Maharashtra – CWAS, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://cwas.org.in/resources/file_manager/Used%20Water%20Reuse%20Strategy%20and%20Roadmap_Maharashtra.pdf
138. Community-led problem solving: A solution to the Maharashtra water crisis – SPJIMR, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.spjimr.org/life-at-spjimr/student-blog/community-led-problem-solving-a-solution-to-the-maharashtra-water-crisis
139. Efficient water management and agriculture technology adoption for climate adaptive and resilient farming system in 51 villages, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2018/05/Maharashtra.pdf
140. Annual Report on Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016. (2021) – Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mpcb.gov.in/sites/default/files/solid-waste/msw_annual_report_2021_12082022.pdf
141. Waste Management deficiencies in Maharashtra: In the wake of piling Rules & Policies, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/blog/waste-management-deficiencies-in-maharashtra-in-the-wake-of-piling-rules-policies/
142. Environment Action Plan for Maharashtra, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mpcb.gov.in/sites/default/files/environmentactionplan/EnvironmnetActionPlan23062021.pdf
143. Solid Waste Management Rules in Maharashtra – Kushaagra Innovations Foundation, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://kushaagra.org/solid-waste-management-rules-in-maharashtra/
144. India adopts collaborative solutions to tackle plastic waste – The World Economic Forum, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/08/how-india-is-coming-up-with-innovative-solutions-to-tackle-waste/
145. Pune waste management programme | Climate & Clean Air Coalition, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.ccacoalition.org/content/pune-waste-management-programme
146. PROJECT STATEMENT – Pune City – The Circulate Initiative, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.thecirculateinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/Project-Statement_Pune.pdf
147. Maharashtra’s Wastewater Reuse Initiative: A Model for Water Sustainability – NITI for States, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.nitiforstates.gov.in/best-practice-detail?id=107170
148. Maharashtra EV Policy To Accelerate Electric Vehicle Adoption – Energizing India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://energizingindia.tv/maharashtra-ev-policy-to-accelerate-electric-vehicle-adoption/
149. Maharashtra EV Policy – gyaniki – Your Access to Future Mobility, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.gyaniki.com/pages/maharashtra-ev-policy
150. Maharashtra Announces Sops Up To Rs 20 Lakh For Electric Vehicles | DIYguru, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://diyguru.org/electric-vehicle/maharashtra-announces-sops-up-to-rs-20-lakh-for-electric-vehicles/
151. Maha: New EV policy targets 10% new vehicle registrations by 2025 – ET Auto, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/maha-new-ev-policy-targets-10-new-vehicle-registrations-by-2025/84382800
152. Maharashtra’s Draft EV Policy, 2021, Aims 25% E-Public Transport by 2025 – Mercom India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.mercomindia.com/maharashtras-draft-ev-policy-25-e-public-transport-2025
153. Maharashtra Gears Up for Green Mobility: PIC to Draft Comprehensive EV Policy – EQ, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.eqmagpro.com/maharashtra-gears-up-for-green-mobility-pic-to-draft-comprehensive-ev-policy-eq/
154. Designing a Robust EV Policy for Indian States: Lessons from Maharashtra, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://changing-transport.org/designing-a-robust-ev-policy-for-indian-states/
155. Solar Park, Maharashtra – InSolare Energy, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://insolare.com/project/solar-satara-mh/
156. This Startup Is Helping 30000 Farmers in Maharashtra Escape the Cycle of Debt, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://thebetterindia.com/407624/krushi-sarathi-app-for-farmers-in-maharashtra/
157. Action Plan to Address Agrarian Distress in India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.eda.admin.ch/content/dam/countries/countries-content/india/en/ressources/resource_en_165554.pdf
158. Unravelling agrarian distress in India: A comprehensive analysis of causes and manifestations, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.extensionjournal.com/article/view/481/7-3-123
159. Loksatta – Mumbai’s Traffic Congestion Woes: Is Proof-of-Parking the Solution?, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://takshashila.org.in/commentary/mumbais-traffic-congestion-woes
160. Comprehensive traffic management plan for Pune-Solapur highway – Hindustan Times, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/comprehensive-traffic-management-plan-for-pune-solapur-highway-101744396107084.html
161. Maharashtra cities need a mobility fix: Building roads not a solution – Citizen Matters, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://citizenmatters.in/maharashtra-elections-cities-mumbai-pune-mobility-public-transport/
162. Maharashtra – ITDP India, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://itdp.in/cities/maharashtra/
163. Certified Parking Area Policy: Maharashtra’s New Strategy to Combat Mumbai’s Congestion, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.angelone.in/news/certified-parking-area-policy-maharashtras-new-strategy-to-combat-mumbais-congestion
164. Maharashtra explores new vehicle policy to ease congestion in urban areas – India Today, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/maharashtra-explores-new-vehicle-policy-to-ease-congestion-in-urban-areas-2664521-2025-01-14
165. Western Suburbs Traffic Woes: Challenges And Solutions For Mumbai’s Congested Roads, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/western-suburbs-traffic-woes-challenges-and-solutions-for-mumbais-congested-roads
166. Urbanization and Construction – Maharashtra Institution for Transformation (MITRA), accessed on April 22, 2025, https://mahamitra.org/urbanization-and-construction/
167. Water scarcity in Maharashtra – (Intro to World Geography) – Vocab, Definition, Explanations, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/introduction-world-geography/water-scarcity-in-maharashtra
168. FISCAL HEALTH INDEX 2025 – NITI Aayog, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2025-01/Fiscal_Health_Index_24012025_Final.pdf
169. an assessment of – aspirational districts programme – NITI Aayog, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/An-Assessment-Of-Aspirational-Districts-Programme.pdf
170. Leveraging tech for India’s women farmers in Maharashtra – The World Economic Forum, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/12/leveraging-technology-for-india-s-women-farmers-in-maharashtra/
171. Strategy for New India @ 75 – NITI Aayog, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-01/Strategy_for_New_India_0.pdf
172. Maharashtra’s EV Transition, Fueled by Innovation, MSMEs, accessed on April 22, 2025, https://thesecretariat.in/article/maharashtra-s-ev-transition-fueled-by-innovation-msmes